What is the primary objective of the Montreal Protocol?

The primary objective of the Montreal Protocol is to phase out substances that deplete the ozone layer. This international treaty was established in 1987 to address the growing concern about the harmful effects of certain chemicals, particularly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons, on the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Phasing out these ozone-depleting substances not only helps to restore and protect the ozone layer but also contributes to preventing skin cancer, cataracts, and other health issues related to increased UV exposure. Additionally, it supports environmental sustainability by protecting ecosystems and reducing the anthropogenic impact on climate change.

The other options, while related to environmental issues, do not directly align with the main goal of the Montreal Protocol. Reducing energy consumption, promoting renewable energy, and enhancing cooling efficiency might contribute to broader environmental goals, but they are not the central focus of the treaty, which is explicitly aimed at protecting the ozone layer by regulating specific harmful substances.